These software programs have been shown to be useful to efficiently create PBPK models for drugs in preclinical species and humans, facilitating drug discovery and development. A dog's heart pumps blood throughout the rest of the body and can be felt by a dog owner by placing a hand over their dog's heart.
cortisol) and immunological functions (e.g. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account.Enter your email address below and we will send you your usernameIf the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username If you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use.CAB Direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, This work also provides a basis to compile data in other food animal species, including goats, sheep, chickens, and turkeys.Physiologically based pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic (PBPK or PBTK) models are increasingly used in various fields, including human health risk assessment (Andersen, Clewell, Gargas, Smith, & Reitz, The use of accurate species‐specific physiological parameters is essential in the development, validation, extrapolation, and application of a PBPK model. YSW did the literature search on calves, extracted the data into Excel files, analyzed the data, and presented the data as Tables and Figures. These animals have been stressed and may become ill. A list of normal temperatures, heart rates, and respiratory rates is provided in the following table. Physiological parameters such as organ weights and blood flows are an important component of a PBPK model. This can cause permanent damage to the organs and tissues, make a dog weak, collapse, and even be fatal if enough oxygen is not circulated through the body.
The mean relative weight of adipose tissue in cattle was 12.27%, and the reported values were in a wide range of 6.6%–24% based on the data from 9 different studies (Andrew, Waldo, & Erdman, The calculated mean relative blood volume in cattle was 4.31% based on data from 893 animals of 9 studies (Hansard, The calculated mean relative bone weight was 8.66% for cattle based on data from two different studies (Faulkner, McKeith, Berger, Kesler, & Parrett, The calculated mean value for relative brain weight in cattle was 0.08% based on data from two different studies (Ballarin et al., The contents of GI tract were excluded in the calculation of values for weight of the total GI tract and individual segments of the GI tract. Performance and composition of gainThe effect of dietary protein supply on carcass composition, size of organs, muscle properties and meat quality of pigsVisceral organ mass and cellularity in growth‐restricted and refed beef steersCompensatory growth and carcass quality in growth‐restricted and refed beef steersBlood chemistry, nutrient metabolism, and organ weights in fetal and newborn calves derived from in vitro‐produced bovine embryosCarcass physical composition and meat quality of holstein calves, terminated in different finishing systems and slaughter weightsInfluence of pregnancy on body weight, ruminal characteristics, and visceral organ mass in beef heifersCharacterization of porcine hepatic and intestinal drug metabolizing cyp450: Comparison with human orthologues from a quantitative, activity and selectivity perspectiveUse of bovine somatotropin for increased skeletal and lean tissue growth of holstein steersApparent digestibility of high‐fat rapeseed press cake in growing pigs and effects on feed intake, growth and weight of thyroid and liverEffects of different levels of ergot in concentrates on the growing and slaughtering performance of bulls and on carry‐over into edible tissueOvarian and uterine morphology and function in angus and brahman cowsBasal metabolic rate, pulse rate, respiration rate, and certain organ weights in relation to neonatal iron deficiency anemia in dairy calves1Growth and distribution of muscle in double muscled and normal cattleGrowth patterns of muscle, fat and bone, and carcass composition of double muscled and normal cattleSex differences in carcass composition and tissue distribution in mature double muscled cattleEffects of long period feeding pistachio by‐product silage on chewing activity, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation parameters of holstein male calvesEffect of rate of body weight gain of steers during the stocker phase.
The reported values are for healthy, unanesthetized, and resting animals.
Briefly, gram (g) and kilogram (kg) were used as units for mass; minute (min) and hour (h) were used for time units, and milliliter (mL) and liter (L) were used as units for volumes.
DOI: 10.1023/A:1018943613122 Corpus ID: 30859890. Comprehensive literature searches were performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest.